Dec 20, 2020 · Dec 20, 2020 · 1. Introduction. Lithiumion batteries (LIBs) have emerged as remarkable power sources for consumer electronics, electric and hybrid vehicles, and energy storage due to their high energy density, low selfdischarge, and excellent circulation performance, etc [,,, ].As is reported, the production of LIBs reached more than 10 billion units only in China, which results in the generation .